Goodbye to London - Radical Art and Politics in the Seventies, edited by Astrid Proll (available on Amazon UK and USA.)

Publisher Hatje Cantz Verlag writes: In London of the seventies, a dynamic counterculture blossomed against a backdrop of unemployment, racism, and IRA bombings. This volume, a collage of texts and images, provides an overview of the radical political and cultural developments of the decade. Photographs by Homer Sykes and others document the Grunwick strike, when Asian immigrants stood up to their bosses; the squatters' scene, with its approximately thirty thousand active members; and the new gay liberation movement. Derek Jarman shot his first Super-8 films and Peter Kennard created trenchant collages, while Stuart Brisley's performances and Jo Spence's photographs on the body and women caused a sensation. An essay by the well-known journalist Jon Savage sheds light on the meaning of the protest movement and counterculture of the period.

View inside the book

View inside the book

While reading the book i was reminded time and time again of scenes and dialogues from one of my favourite tv series, Life on Mars. Different place (Manchester/London) but similar atmosphere of a bleak, run-down but feisty city that didn't care much for the rights of gays, immigrants or women.

The population of Greater London dropped by over half a million between 1961 and 1971 and it continued to decrease until the early '90s. Brutalism was still the architecture of the moment, Time Out was just an underground magazine, there were as many marchers on Gay Pride Day than there were policemen to monitor them, the Angry Brigade's bombs were targeting the establishment, art and film collectives with a social agenda emerged, and punks clad in Vivienne Westwood were about to call for anarchy in the country.

View inside the book

View inside the book

The strongest asset of Goodbye to London is the line-up of contributors. Each of them has played an active role in the alternative London of the '70s. Writer and editor Astrid Proll is probably the most famous because of her RAF fame. In the '70s, she fled Germany and hid in a London squat until someone recognized her at a petrol station. Jon Savage is now a well-established music journalist, Sacha Craddock is an art critic and curator, Peter Cross is a curator and author, Homer Sykes is a documentary photographer, Andrew Wilson is a critic and art historian.

They give a personal and engrossing account (so engrossing i didn't put the book down until i had finished it) of their life and struggles of the time. Many of them lived in squats. Numerous houses in inner London were indeed left by speculators to decay. Interestingly, the number of people living in squats in England and Wales has risen by 25 per cent in the last seven years. Unlike, in the '70s however, nowadays' squatters are often driven by financial necessity rather than by the desire to experiment with alternative lifestyles.

Squatters Poster 1970's

No matter how gloomy London might have been in the '70s, the texts leave a feeling of nostalgia. Many of the essays end with a brief and resigned mention of Margaret Thatcher's coming into power in 1979.

View inside the book

A bus brings strikebreakers to the Grunwick photo-processing factory in Willesden, North London, 1977

Frank Egan in drag at Gay pride demo. Photo HCA-Townson

Squatters in Tolmer Square, 1970's. Photo Nick Wates

Peter Cross and unkown woman at Brixton Gay Centre. Photo HCA-Townson

Goodbye to London is the catalog of the exhibition which closed last month at he Neue Gesellschaft für Bildende Kunst.

Last year, the UK government announced their plan to build new nuclear power stations in 11 locations in England and Wales in order to meet their CO2 emission targets. Nuclear offers a clean, near limitless energy solution that could allow the UK to meet its emission targets without having to moderate consumer's access to energy. The broad public however is everything but prepared to accept the move. Over the past few years, science have failed to assuage the public's unscientifically-based fears and sometimes irrational concerns over nuclear energy.

With his speculative proposal Nuclear is good. What will it take to convince you?, Oliver Goodhall is trying to shape convincing arguments in favour of nuclear energy. The project is in no way propaganda, it's more about opening up a debate about nuclear energy and energy policy in general. The video below gives a clear overview of Oliver Goodhall's project:

One of the outcome of Goodhall's research was walking and talking tour to the site of a potential power station in Bradwell-on-sea, in Essex, England. He enrolled nuclear engineers, environmentalists and designers to have a nuclear-theme picnic with plenty of mushrooms and toxic-looking icecream but more importantly, to exchange views about nuclear energy in a way that would not have been possible had the encounter taken place in an office meeting room.

Among some of Oliver's proposals is a protective barrage cloud hovering over the power station to respond to fears of a disaster incident that would release radiation into the atmosphere; benefits to citizens for accepting to take responsibility of their individual nuclear waste; a special emergency team always on call to intervene in case of a problem at the power station, etc.

After having watched the video for the project and seen Oliver's works at the Design Interactions show last June, i still needed to ask him a couple of questions:

Your research focuses on the UK, did you have a look at what other nations were doing to communicate, promote and roll out nuclear energy?
Did any of them came up with inspiring strategies and ideas?

My research was based on UK policy, partly because of the immediacy of some of decisions that need to be taken (the Department of Energy and Climate Change was running consultation on the new nuclear power stations at the same time as the beginnings of my project too) and partly because of the re-emergence of nuclear energy as a potential energy source after a long time out in the cold.

My favourite examples of other strategies employed by other countries came from France. This probably stems from France being highly invested in nuclear energy, and it gets over 75% of its electricity this way. A couple of these examples formed the basis for some of my proposals - although I extrapolated them to a farther fetched conclusion.

One was the reporting of the Chernobyl accident in the French press whereby a supposed meteorological anticyclone effect prevented the radioactive cloud from settling, which was discredited more recently. If that story allayed fears about a nuclear accident in France for all that time, then could it be a solution to generate an artificial anticyclone to protect UK inhabitants from this perceived hazard?

The other example I enjoyed was about the channel tunnel. In order to meet CO2 emission reduction targets Eurostar switched is electricity supply from 50% UK 50% France to 100% France. As nuclear energy produces a tiny fraction of the CO2 emissions of the coal and gas-fired power the UK relies on, this slight of hand allowed them to easily meet their target. What if you scaled this up as a policy solution applied to parts of the UK?

I thought these were both fascinating examples, although not necessarily for entirely honorable reasons.

Bradwell Master plan

A part of your project involved a guided tour of the site of a potential new nuclear power station in Bradwell-on-sea, Essex. Do you know if the inhabitants of the area have a say in the installation of the power station? Did you go around Bradwell-on-sea to ask how people felt about the proposal?

Locally, they are consulted as part of the planning of the Government's proposed power stations and the local people I spoke to (although not many) were positive about Bradwell producing electricity again. It is a big industry, offering jobs and employment and local prosperity - before the current power station was decommissioned it provided a socio-economic stimulus to this part of Essex.

Interestingly, there were quite a few anti-windfarm stickers in the village protesting the nearby off-shore wind farm. So it's not that people are undiscerning about their energy supply choices.

What were the reactions to your project outside of the design sphere? Did you get feedback, invitations, critiques and comments from members of the governments or from scientists?

My proposals came from 9 months of research and investigation, and were heavily influenced by conversations I had with professionals from the fields of ethics, political science, materials chemistry and the Government's Department of Energy and Climate Change. Reactions were varied, but these other professional fields are engaging with the topics I was interested in; affecting policy choices and contributing to decision-making.

The practice I established, We Made That, has just been offered an opportunity to take forward a project on energy supply vs. demand - so I think that the approach has a broader value.

I'm a bit puzzled by your idea of a cloud hovering around station. i guess i'm not comfortable with the association between cloud and nuclear. Can you explain me what it would be made of and how it would work?

This was loosely based on the example of the Windscale fire incident; escape of radioactive particles through the containment being breached. Reactors now have containment and passive safety controls. But these are shrouded within a generic shed-type building - the cloud was about us considering a more conspicuous and obvious safety infrastructure. What would it take to convince you that this safety infrastructure was sufficient?

The conversations that stemmed from this proposal were very interesting - especially with the nuclear engineers - about the 'public understanding of' reactor safety, and what measures might be most expedient to convince an unsure public. Some of this debate can be seen in the documentary film of the guided tour.

Nuclear is Good, Protective Barrage Cloud

You mentioned that science didn't quite manage to convince about the benefits of adopting nuclear energy and that a reason for that was that science had to face argument that are "irrational or unscientifically founded". Can you tell us more about these arguments and why they are unscientifically founded?

Nuclear energy has been around for 60 years in the UK, but now we are at a point of dilemma; looming climate change alters our perspective on energy production. If the scientific arguments put forward are falling on deaf ears then how else can you go about convincing naysayers that difficult choices need to be made? On the guided tour there were both pro-nuclear and anti-nuclear participants - and the argument between them typically came back to;

"It's very very unlikely, imperceptibly unlikely, that something could get out of all that containment"... "But is that meant to comfort people?"

This reinforces that a shift in tactics or approach might be necessary - although not an admission that science might be very comfortable with.

Nuclear is Good, Concrete Emergency Services

You will present your work at the sustain 2010 exhibition. Are you going to present the project in the exact same way you did at the Summer show? Or has the content of your project or the way you communicate it changed over the past few weeks/months?

I'll actually be showing the project differently. I imagine it will remain fairly provocative in terms of sustainability, nuclear tends to be a divisive topic, but the implications of our energy choices still need to be addressed. Setting these energy choices against climate change leads to difficult questions.

I personally consider nuclear to be necessary as part of an eco-pragmatic energy agenda. My approach to the project considered nuclear the 'what if', but there's also a 'what if not?' choice available to us - but maybe this is less palatable than the nuclear option. As you might be able to tell, I question whether it is genuinely 'sustainable' to continue making more 'sustainable products' - and I would rather address the fundamentals at the root of our energy choices.

Thanks Oliver!